Dogs can distinguish between intentional & unintentional actions of humans!
When dogs interact with humans, they can distinguish between intentional and unintentional actions. In a test, the dogs were put through three situations where they were not given a reward. In one situation, the experimenter intentionally withheld the reward, while in the other two situations, the experimenter accidentally didn't give the reward due to clumsiness or external factors. The dogs reacted differently depending on whether the experimenter meant to withhold the reward or not.